Pashto

Khair–Ul–Bayan: An Analysis

Abdul Hakim Shah — 2023-11-04

The second era of Pashto literature has proved to be a bacon of light for both Pashto poetry and prose. Regularly, we get the poetry and prose books and pamphlets of this period in printed and non printed form that we can see and read.

Bayazid Ansari, the fonder of Roshani tahreek, and his Followers and opponents used their pens openly for Pashto poetry and prose, this is the first permanent book. Bayazid Ansari wrote Khair-ul-bayan in four languages, Arabic, Persian, Pashto and Hindi. The style of this bokk is inspirational, preachy, oratorical argumentative and marrtyrdom.

His subject is Fiqh and sufism. In this book, Bayazid Roshan has consciously used the words and words of different dialect of different tribes and regions od Pashtuns and some words and terms of his own creation. But in spite of this , there are also arabic and Persian words and words based on religious and religious topics-in order to communicate his thoughts and improve his speech, he has many Qur’anic verses in istish’had justification and reasoning . and he brings Ahadiths of the holy Prophet.

The present study offers a critical review of ahadiths writen in “Khair-ul-bayan”, that are available in “Sehah-e-Sitha ” and Valid.

Some of the Dialectical’ Characteristics of Kunar’s Pashtuns

Wajihullah Shpoon — 2023-11-09

ABSTRACT

The phonetic, grammatical and in terms of meaning, speech of a specific area and location is different with other area and literature or with standard and national language, that is called the dialect.

Most of the world languages have the same big and small dialects, the research of these dialects have different advantages like: knowing the historical linguistic, sociological studies, understanding the culture, habits and it help in knowing the different level of societies. In consideration of these subjects, this article describes, collect and research some of the Kunar Pashtun dialects’ characteristics, this will use in the linguistics studies and other related field.

Key Words: Dialect, standard language, Kunar, Pashtuns, Dialectical Characteristics.

لنډيز: د یوې ټاکلې سیمې او محل د خلکو الفاظ چې له فونټیکی، ګرامری او لغوی پلوه له نورو سیمو، محلاتو او ادبی یا معیاری او ملی ژبې سره توپیر ولری، لهجه ورته ویل کیږی. د نړۍ اکثره ژبې دغسې لويې او وړې لهجې لری. د لهجو څېړنه ډېرې او بېلابېلې ګټې او موخې لری لکه؛ د تاریخی ژبپوهنې او ټولنپوهنې په مطالعاتو، د فرهنګ، دودونو او د ټولنې د مختلفو طبقو پۀ پېژندلو او داسې نورو مسایلو او مباحثو کښې مرسته کوی. همدې موضوعاتو ته پۀ کتنه او پاملرنه، په دې لیکنه کښې د کونړ د پښتنو ځینې لهجوی ځانګړنې راټولې شوی، څېړل شوی او پۀ ګوته شوی دی چې پۀ ژبنیو مطالعاتو او نورو مواردو کښې د اړتیا پر مهال ورڅخه استفاده وشی.

کلیدي کلمې: لهجه، معیاري ژبه، کونړ، پښتانه، لهجوي ځانګړنې.

Introduction and Background to Existentialism

Ihsan Ullah — 2023-11-01

Abstract

Existentialism, a globally acknowledged philosophical and literary movement, has its origin in the 19th century Europe. This movement assisted individual towards self discovery and perception. Who am I? Who created me? What was the purpose behind my creation? If I were to be born, why was I not consulted before my coming into being? This philosophy raises such and other questions. This research has shed ample light on the beginning, evolutionary phases, background and causes of the ground breaking philosophical and literary movement.

Key words: Existentialism, to exist, jean Paul Sartre, Kieregaard, Soran Aabye, Existentialist.

Concept of Democracy in the Poetry of Arzani Khweshkey

asal marjan mohebwazir — 2023-11-11

Democracy is a concept which derived in mid 17^th century, however in the form of as a system in the European society it became in the mid of 18^th century. This concept is also present in the poetry of prominent and first Dewan holding poet Mulla Arzani Khweshkey, who lived in the 16^th century.

In this article, it has been observed that what form of democracy exists with Arzani Khweshkey, how much is it compatible with European democracy and how much is it different from it?

Arzani`s concept of democracy as we know, is derived from the Pashtun cultural system, but presenting it in written form shows that the Pashtuns are a democratic-mined people and they have a lot to contribute to the word.

Symbolism in Darwaish Durani’s Poetry.

salah udin — 2023-11-05

The word “Alamat” originated from Arabian language. In English language word "Symbol" is used. The word “Alamat” and “Pelaam” are being used in Pukhtunkhwa. The people use the word “Symbol” in English language in its original condition as it has been used from 19^th Century and finally find it way to Pashto literature and in 20th century. The symbols have been used by various poets through history. The current research will mainly focus on the use of symbols in Pashto Poetry by the Poet named as Darwaish Durrani.

Concept of Man and Manhood in the poetry of Khushal Khan Khatak

Shakeel Ahmad — 2023-11-04

The father of Pashto poetry, khushal Khan khatak took has birth in environments where only male folk of the society were center of all the powers, this is why khushal Khan's poetry always seem to reflect this very quality According to him, a person can quality to the position of man and manhood when he maintains the qualities of good writer, capability, strength, bravery, silks, and intelligence. He says bravery, courage, generosity etc are the qualities may also classify a person to be called as men and manhood the great khushal Khan khatak also emphasizes on defending pat, nang, and sharam in depending the status of man & manhood in fact khushal Khan khatak described Man and manhood in his writings on so many occasions is impossible to be encircled, however in this article the same be discussed and analyzed in his poetry in depth.

Arzany's kheshky affiliation with Qadria Qalandaria School of thought in Sufism..A Critical and Research Review

zia ur rahman — 2023-11-27

This research article delves into the biographical and mystic codes surrounding the literary figure Arzany Khweshky in Pashto Literature. The study primarily focuses on his relationship with Peer Rokhan and his literary influences. The investigation includes an analysis of references from Khweshky's early literary works and citations from Dr. Perviz Mahjor's Ph.D. research. Furthermore, this paper explores Arzany's affiliation with the Qadaria Qalandaria Schoo of thoughts in Sufism and decodes various aspects of his mystical journey. Contrary to prior claims, this research challenges the notion that Arzany Khweshky was a disciple of Bayazid Ansari, instead asserting him as a disciple of Shah Bahlol. Additionally, it uncovers his original name, Aziz, asserting that Arzany was his pseudonym. The analysis also incorporates his travelogue, shedding light on his visits to other countries. Lastly, the paper not only presents Arzany's genealogy but also that of his successors.

Review of the story of story

De. Qadr e wahed samandar yousafzai — 2023-12-04

Abstract

Humans have different traits and instincts, so one trait and instinct is that a person shares a thing, an incident, a story with others and lightens the burden of his heart. The taste of story is mixed God in the clay of humans. It is said that the story and the human being are inseparable. if we talk about the history of the story, the story has passed through different stages and has taken different forms. In this article, the historical background of the story has been discussed in the light of research principles.

Khushal Khan Khattak: the Bannerer of Islamic Sharia

nagina khanm nageen — 2023-12-02

Pashtun soil has the potential to give birth to eminent Pashto heroes who remained to be the identical symbol of this soil. The Great Khaushal Khan Khattak is one of them who remained to be a very good fighter, poet, hunter, physician, historian, politician at the same time. Khushal Khan was born in 1613 at Akora Khattak at the house of Shehbaz Khan who was the son in law of Malik Akori remained the fourth chief of Akori tribe. Khushal Khan Khattak was a true Islamic Lover. Pashtuns are Islamic minded by birth, their values, norms called Pakhtunwali reflect the Islamic principles and teachings, had already been in practice by them even before the advent of Islam. Hujra, Jumat, Jarga are the three dimensional pillars of Pakhtunwali remained to play a vital role in Pashtuns life, is also Islamic one in origin. Such values and norms have not only being practiced by the ordinary Pashtuns but are transmitted from one generation to other with regards and respect. Khushal Khan Khattak can be called the pioneer for introducing such norms, principles in his poetry, reflect not only Pashtunwali but also represent Islamic values. In this paper the norms and values being described by the Great Khushal replicates the Islamic Sharia in the context of Sharam, Haya, Shegara, wafa, izzat, pat, nang, ghairat etc will be analyzed in depth.

A linguistic Approach to the Poetry of Khushal Khan Khattak

Hameed Ullah Khan — 2023-12-02

Khushal khan khattak ( 1022 -1100 A D ) in his era he is like a shining star for Pashto language and literature . His great skill and literary potentials enlightened the Pashto language and literature. Due to his creative thinking۔ He is rightly called “ Baba-i-Pashto”

The poetry of khushal khan not only awaken the pashtoon but also give importance to Pashto language and literature. He also removed all the hurdles that faced the Pashto literature in his poetry the linguistic feelings are clearly seen that were lacking in the poetry before him.

Key Words: shining, skill, potentials, enlightened, creative, hurdles, feelings

The Folk Efforts of Professor Reshteen's

Adul Ahad Mangal — 2023-12-15

The Professor Reshteen's Folk Efforts

Abstract

Professor Seddiqullah Rashteen gave his shoulder to the service of the Pashto language and literature at a time when the Pashto language was lagging behind other neighboring languages in this region in terms of science and culture. making this language academic, official, and the language of teaching and press was a very important demand and basic need of the time. At that time, some famous writers started academic and purposeful work for the service of Pashto language and literature. A person from this group, Professor Rashtin, also joined the literary and cultural range of the Pashto language in those early days and started scientific and practical efforts in the process of growth and development of the Pashto language and literature.

Along with his academic colleagues, Rishteen has started collecting and researching ancient, classical literature and other aspects of literature, along with rules and grammar of the Pashto language, folk, and folk literature. Here only a brief review of his writings and research on folklore and folklore literature is taken.

Comparative Analysis of The Girl in the Tangerine Scarf and The Last Crossing from Anti-Arab Racism and Islamophobia Perspective

Dr Muhammad Ajmal — 2023-11-01

Abstract

This comparative analysis examines the portrayal of Arab and Muslim characters in two literary works: The Girl in the Tangerine Scarf by Mohja Kahf and The Last Crossing by Samar Yazbek. The analysis aims to identify and evaluate the representation of these characters and their experiences in relation to anti-Arab racism and Islamophobia. Through a close reading of the two novels, the analysis highlights several common themes, including the impact of post-9/11 politics on the Arab and Muslim communities in the United States and Europe, the challenges of navigating identity and belonging in a hostile environment and the resistance and resilience of Arab and Muslim individuals in the face of discrimination and prejudice. While both novels explore these themes, they do so in different ways. The Girl in the Tangerine Scarf centers around the experiences of a young Syrian-American girl named Khadra, who struggles to reconcile her Muslim faith and Arab heritage with the expectations of her American community. Meanwhile, The Last Crossing tells the story of a group of Syrian refugees fleeing to Europe in the aftermath of the Syrian civil war, and the hardships they encounter along the way. Despite their differences in narrative focus, both novels offer powerful critiques of anti-Arab racism and Islamophobia, highlighting the ways in which these prejudices affect the lives and livelihoods of Arab and Muslim individuals. Moreover, both novels offer nuanced and complex depictions of Arab and Muslim characters, challenging monolithic stereotypes and offering diverse perspectives on Arab and Muslim experiences. This comparative analysis offers important contributions to contemporary discussions of anti-Arab racism and Islamophobia, providing insights into the ways in which these forms of prejudice impact the lives of Arab and Muslim individuals, and offering nuanced and complex representations of Arab and Muslim characters.

Critical Analysis of Romantic Movement & Pashto Literature

Sharif Khan — 2023-11-24

Abstract

In this article, the researchers have critically evaluated multiple prospects that had spurred Romantic Movement in the late Eighteenth Century. Why William Wordsworth (1770–1850) and Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772–1834) had disagreed with the ideas and conceptions of the writers and critics of Neo-classic movement and Enlightenment Era. The principle of Poetic Diction and evaluating each and every matter of the nature through logic and reason were the primary points that impelled the English writers to experiment new genre with the help of mixing lyrical and ballads into one. The Wordsworth and Coleridge (the pioneers of Romantic Movement in England) distanced themselves from the traditional conceptions and instilled subject matters of poetry. The first edition of Lyrical Ballads was published in 1798 with 23 poems, amongst which four were contributed by Coleridge. Whatever criticism the traditional schools of thoughts chronicled against the new experiment, had compelled Wordsworth to republish the book with his famous Preface in 1800, and then in 1802 and finally 1805. Wordsworth presented a Theory of Poetry which contained principles regarding poetry. Besides this, various prospects: like Renaissance, Industrial Revolution, the Age of Enlightenment, The Age of Revolutions and so, have been critically analysed which has enriched the contents of Romantic Movement. While it has also been critically evaluated that whether Pashto has ever witnessed the said literary movement with all its primary characteristics or vice versa.

Key words: W. Wordsworth, S.T. Coleridge, Classicism, Romantic Movement, Lyrical Ballads, Pashto literature

A comparative study of Pashto and English proverb

shah khalid khan — 2023-11-17

Proverbs are the multidimensional genre of folklore, exist approximately in every culture of the world. It is also of great importance that universal distribution of proverbs throughout the world, irrespective of time, place, and level of technical and economic development, language or culture. Because of their central role in many aspects of traditional, non-literate societies, the study of proverbs has attracted scholars for centuries. Proverbs main era of collection especially in Pashto and English literatures according to scholars mainly in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and still it continues. We can say that the proverb is a universal object because of its existence in every culture. And it comes under some circumstances for the fulfillment of some objectives. In this paper the author pointed out similarities and dissimilarities in Pashto and English proverbs and showed that both nations have the same observations in the same condition and vice versa.

The lingual impacts of Sanskrit language on the poetic works of Rehman Baba

Dr. Mohammad Farooq Anjum — 2023-12-20

Sanskrit is an ancient language belonging to Indo- Aryan branch of indo- European languages family in which the oldest book of the world “ Rigveda “ was composed. The Sanskrit language has been spoken since 5000 years before Christ .it is believed that all languages of the world have originated from Sanskrit somewhere. According to the research of linguistic experts, Aryan languages, if they are in every corner of the world, have remained connected to each other, because they all have the same base. We can conclude from this research that Sanskrit and Pashto are very closely related. Therefore Sanskrit has had significant influence on Pashto language.

Rehman baba has used many words of Sanskrit in his poetry. The aim of this article is to highlight the lingual impacts of Sanskrit language on the poetic work of Rehman baba .

Symbolism in Dervish Durrani's poetry book (Cultivation of flowers) Kar da Gloo

Imran Khan Tareen — 2023-12-21

This paper contains critically ephemeral analysis of Darwesh Durrani’s symbolic poetry. As the supposed poet has gained widespread reputation in the realm of Pashto poetry pitch. Visualizing his legendary persona, the scholar has discussed the literary term symbols of Durrani in Pashto literature, and scholarly envisioned his role in this context. As to concede, Darwesh Durrani has not firmly confined himself to poetry, but has also contributed books in prose, which justifies his literary stature. The researcher has also pinpointed the symbolic aspect of Darwesh Durrani’s Kar da Guloo poetry book.

Proto Forms in Pashto Phonology and the Puzzle of Pashtun-Pathān

Farooq Babrakzai — 2023-12-21

This paper examines three previous views about the origin of the word Pashtun and its relation to the Indic word Pathan. These include earlier oral traditions according to which the title Pathan was given to Qais Abdul Rashid, the putative ancestor of Pashuns; the derivation of Pashtun through folk etymology from Baxdi, the earlier name of Balkh, the historic city in northern Afghanistan; and through common developments in Persian and Waziri Pashto. However, these views are based on a single word and focus on the cultural and historical identity of Pashtuns, but do not reflect the linguistic realities of Pashto / Persian and the related Aryan languages. This paper introduces proto forms in Pashto, presents data from Persian and Pashto as evidence to systematically show how all the related words Pashtun, Pathān, Paktiā, Paktikā, and Pakhtā developed from the single source word paktā- which was a place name south of the Hindukush Mountain range.

The An exploratory review of Pashto Elegy in Malakand

daryabalikhel badsha room — 2023-12-21

Elegy is the ever first poetic genre composed by Adam . (AS) on the death of his son Habeel.It can be found nearly in all main languages of the world. Elegy plays a vital role of keeping history preserve. Pashto language has a valuable treasure of elegy. It is written both in folk style and other. Distt Malakand contributed a lot in this field.

i Intellectual Collaboration in The Poetry of Ferdowsi and Khushal

Faqir Muhammad Faqir — 2024-01-01

Hakim Abul Qasim Ferdowsi Farsi poet and great Pashto poet and intellectual Khushal baba are heroes and genius’s personalities of Farsi and Pashto history and literature. The of both intellectuals have great effect on their people. They awaken their nation sleep of negligence and also teach them self-respect, conscious and freedom sacrifice. These both poets have great love and loyalty for their nation and country. Both have common feature in national, ethnic, loyalty and history.

According to Shibli nomani there has been no a great poet like ferdowsi in the history of literature. On other side Khoshal baba is the father of Pashto literature.

Ferdowsi and khushal thoughts common or near together because their history situations are same. both poets first attribute the kings of their times and in old age both condemns.

Shahnama ferdowsi and poetry of khushal baba contains praise for bravery, modesty, patriotism, nationalism and same thoughts about women bravery and modesty.

The causes of morphophonemic changes in the language

Fazul Rehman Muhazub Alizai — 2024-01-05

Abstract

Language is a social phenomenon, which came to existent in a contractual manner among members of the society, in order to communicate with each other and solve their problems.

Morphemes in a language change based on their environment or some other reasons, which linguists call it morphophonemic changes which are different in types. It is an interesting discussion in the history of language evolution.

This article is a research about morphophonemic changes in the language and the nature of these changes with various examples

Article The relationship of Morphology with other branches of Grammar

Rahmanullah Qani — 2024-01-15

Abstract:

The scientific analysis of the structure of the language is called grammar, of which morphology is an important and basic part, and Pashto grammar has a very deep relationship with other basic branches (phonology and syntax) and can be called the connection chain, as well as Linguistics has an inseparable relationship with other branches such as lexicology, etymology and semantics, but it also has special lines of difference with each section.

Phonology provides the raw material for morphology, clarifying its characteristics and leading to morphological interactions. So phonology cannot develop without morphology and morphology cannot develop without phonology.

Morphology then provides the raw material for syntax, clarifying its function and setting the stage for syntactic interactions. Therefore, morphology cannot develop without syntax, and syntax cannot be created without morphology. Since morphology deals with morphemes, it is closely related to other parts of linguistics such as lexicology, etymology and semantics.

Nastologia and Ustad Sulaman Laiaq

Sonia Samim Hotak — 2024-02-04

Abstract

Academician Suleman Layeq is one of the outstanding and famous writers and poets of the Pashto language and literature in contemporary period, who have a unique and revolutionary style in poetry and prose. As every poet and writer writes his works in relation to the past and future events of his life and environment, Layeq is also one of those poets who wrote his works in relation to the past and future environment and events of his life. In addition to other different topics, nostalgia or idealism has also dedicated most of his poems to itself, and in his each poems one wish is reflected

Nostalgia is a psychological term that found its way into literature too. Nostalgia which is called in Persian (idealism and poetry regret) this regret and past desire, reflected the background of the poet’s lives with suffocated feelings in their writings and presented to the readers.

This study first focuses on the identification of nostalgia and two individual and general or collective sub-types of nostalgia, and then focuses on the sparks and clear examples of nostalgia in Layeq poetry.

The Social Organization and Structure of Pashtun Society: A Postcolonial study of Prospects and Narratives

Dr Barkat Shah Kakar — 2024-03-27

The emergence of the Postcolonial studies in the beginning of the second part of 20^th century has figured out interesting discourses on reclaiming the images, histories, dignities, structures, cultures and memories. Edward Said’s assertion of correcting the course of history with regards to the culture and identity of Middle Eastern part of the world, gave the courage to the other parts of the world to scratch the colonial logic of representation and definition of the exotic, demonic, erotic and barbaric “others of the Orient”. The discourse on the Pashtun and Afghan identity penned during the British colonial period is still resonated in the contemporary academic, research, literary and journalistic works. Pashtuns as warlike, masculine, martial, patriarchal and primitive are still on the line of fire of the discourse once seen and reported through the barrel of guns, likewise the social organization of the diverse sub-cultural zones is cut to the size of the straight jackets of colonial discourse, once constructed by the ethnographic assertions of colonial writers, still echoes in the mainstream contemporary discourse. This paper tends to deconstruct the hegemonic narratives and reset the discourse regarding the social construction and social organizations of the Pashtun’s society which is often tagged as a society driven by cousin rivalry, Nang(honor), egalitarianism and anti-governance tendencies.

Key Words: Postcolonialism, Pashtun-Afghan, Social Organization, Egalitarianism, Pashtunwali

A Tradition of Textual Criticism in South Pakhtunkhwa

Prof.Dr. Abdullha Jan Abid — 2024-03-27

The tradition of textual criticism began in 1938 in Pashto, when Abdul hai Habibi edited, for the first time in the history of Pashto language and literature, kuliyat (collection) of classical Pashto poet, Khushal Khan Khattak. After this the tradition of textual criticism flourished here and many volumes of poetry and prose were edited in Afghanistan, as well as north and south Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan). This paper aims to studies volumes of classical prose, various Dewans (classical poetry collections), and other edited books in south Pakhtunkhwa in the light of established principles of textual criticism. It shows that most of works follow the principles of textual criticism with some of them that lack quality. This study would be interesting for Pashto reader of classic literature as well as textual critics. It is also important to mention here that for the first time the tradition of textual criticism in South Pakhtunkhwa is being discussed through this paper.